Several elements of construction quality management
Publish Time:
2012-08-22
I. Implementing Sample Management
A sample is a standard model. In construction projects, samples can guide construction. Samples should reflect design requirements and achieve the specified quality level. They materialize abstract design requirements and complex quality standards, specifications, and regulations, making them visible and tangible to all construction personnel, especially workers, for easy comparison. Therefore, implementing sample management is an effective measure to ensure and promote continuous improvement of project quality, and it is one of the important links in on-site quality management. Sample management is meticulous work; the following five tasks must be well-managed:
1. Reflecting design intent. Meeting design requirements is a prerequisite for creating a good sample.
2. Selecting qualified materials. Qualified building materials are the fundamental guarantee of "sample" quality. The materials used in "samples" must not only meet material quality requirements but also meet requirements for specifications, color, and complete and clean form, especially decorative materials.
3. Selecting suitable skilled workers for construction; this is the key to the success or failure of the sample. In general, skilled workers with medium-to-high technical skills should be selected. This makes it easier to create a good sample and easier to promote it. If average skilled workers are used, the resulting "sample" will have low quality and no value for promotion. However, using highly skilled workers, while resulting in high-quality samples, makes large-scale promotion difficult and impractical.
4. Conducting technical and quality briefings for operators before construction. Conducting detailed technical and quality briefings for operators before sample construction is an important link in creating good samples. The content includes the name, location, materials used, technology, quality standards, and operating procedures of the sample, ensuring that operators understand the situation and requirements clearly.
5. Organizing quality inspectors to assess quality levels. After the completion of "sample" construction, the on-site project department must promptly organize relevant personnel to assess the quality of the "sample." Generally, after the operator's self-inspection is passed, it is then reviewed by the construction team, project department, company quality inspection station, and other relevant inspectors, project managers or engineers. For some exterior finishes, painting, and decoration projects specified by the design or client, the design and client should be invited to participate in the assessment. Special projects may also require the participation of relevant professionals. Once the sample is approved, it should guide specific construction.
II. Tightening the Control of Construction Process Quality
1. The Role and Purpose of Construction Process Quality Control
Quality control during the construction process is an important part of on-site quality management. Effective quality control can prevent quality problems before they occur, ensuring that project quality achieves its expected goals, promoting continuous improvement in project quality, and reducing project costs.
2. Scope and Focus of Construction Process Quality Control
The scope of quality control during the construction process is extensive, ranging from design drawings and raw materials to the construction of various sub-projects. Every link cannot be ignored. Understanding and mastering the scope and focus of control is conducive to taking measures in advance, ensuring that quality is under pre-control. In general, the scope and focus of quality control are:
(1) Studying and reviewing design drawings is the primary link in quality control
Drawings are the main basis for construction. Therefore, before construction, they must be carefully read to understand the design intent, as a product that does not conform to the design has no quality to speak of. However, construction according to drawings is based on learning and review; learning and review should be combined. The review is not simply a check for drawing errors; it also considers whether it is conducive to construction. In some cases, even if the design meets the standards, due to the difficulty of construction, in order to ensure construction quality, the design needs to be appropriately optimized to ensure that the project quality meets the standard requirements.
(2) Quality control of raw materials and semi-finished products is a key link in quality control
The quality of raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products directly affects project quality; therefore, it must be monitored. Not only should the physical objects entering the site be checked, but also the quality assurance documents should be checked to see if their model, specifications, and performance meet design requirements. For steel, cement, waterproof, and energy-saving materials, retesting should be carried out according to regulations. For items that are easily broken, damp, deformed, or polluted, monitoring is also necessary during transportation, stacking, and installation.
(3) Ensuring sub-projects and sub-item projects are constructed according to regulations is the main link in quality control
The quality of sub-projects and sub-item projects is the foundation of unit project quality; therefore, quality control work should focus on this as the main link.
On the premise of construction according to drawings and using qualified raw materials, finished products, and semi-finished products, the focus should be on enforcing standard, regulations, and prescribed construction. Control should be carried out according to the construction process, and any problems that arise should be corrected immediately, eliminating potential problems during construction. Monitoring should run throughout the entire construction process. Protection of products before delivery is also an important monitoring target that cannot be ignored.
(4) Key parts and weak links are the focus of quality control
The key parts and weak links of unit projects are determined according to the project object and team quality. For example, beams and columns in frame structures are key parts, masonry and prefabricated floor slab installation in mixed structures are key parts, and in decoration projects, large-area granite floors, exterior wall large-area tiling, or interior wall large-area wallpapering can be considered key parts. Weak links have two meanings: firstly, new technologies and new processes, as they are the first time they have been used in construction, the quality is uncertain, so they must be strictly controlled. Secondly, parts that are prone to problems, such as axis displacement, steel bar displacement, beams and columns not being centered, concrete construction joints not being left according to specifications and containing debris, poor masonry bonding rate, and seepage, leakage, sand, shells, and clogging quality problems. For key parts and weak links, if the methods and measures are effective, it can often achieve twice the result with half the effort.
3. Methods and Means of Construction Process Quality Control
Quality control at construction sites generally includes pre-construction monitoring, in-construction monitoring, and post-completion monitoring of sub-items. For example, monitoring of design drawings, raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products should be carried out before relevant sub-item construction, so that pre-control can be better achieved.
For quality issues that are easily generated during construction, the monitoring process should be strengthened to ensure that any issues are discovered and corrected immediately, truly eliminating quality problems during the construction process. Some sub-projects may be completed, but the overall delivery is still some time away. If the product is not protected during this period, the product quality cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, in this case, monitoring should be implemented until the overall delivery, such as floor surface, paint, paste, etc., which belong to the monitoring after the completion of sub-items. In practice, the following work should be done well:
(1) Technical Review
The focus should be on positioning, elevation surveying, axes, elevation of each layer, selection of finished and semi-finished products, etc.
(2) Hidden Project Acceptance
This is the main means of monitoring. All hidden projects must be fully monitored, such as foundation pit inspection, pile foundation, foundation reinforcement, underground concrete, underground brick walls, waterproof layer, floor reinforcement, insulation layer, buried pipes, cables, sewers, etc. Hidden project acceptance should be carried out in accordance with relevant regulations.
(3) Material Testing
In addition to checking the factory qualification certificates or test reports for steel, cement, waterproof, and energy-saving materials, sampling retesting should also be carried out according to regulations.
(4) Spot Check
Random inspection is flexible, not subject to time constraints, and easily discovers problems. Early problem discovery facilitates easy rectification, and the inspection frequency is not restricted, making it a powerful means of monitoring.
(5) Water Test and Ball Test
This test is directly related to the usability function and must be carried out seriously according to the regulations and strictly controlled.
(6) Team Self-Inspection and Handover Inspection
Team self-inspection is fundamental to quality assurance. Only when each operator carefully self-inspects during the operation can the quality have a solid foundation. Handover inspection requires that the previous process be inspected and approved before the next process can proceed. Therefore, this must be strictly enforced and should not be ignored.
(7) Setting Quality Management Nodes
Quality management nodes can be used in various links, such as the promotion of new technologies, quality difficulties, weak links, and high-quality sub-items. Setting quality management nodes at key and weak points of quality control and adopting pre-control often achieve twice the result with half the effort. Sometimes, what seems like a weak link can be easily solved by taking measures beforehand and setting up quality management nodes. Therefore, setting quality management nodes is a powerful tool for quality monitoring.
III. Strict Quality Evaluation Management
1. Thorough and Comprehensive Inspection is the Basis for Accurate Quality Assessment
In quality assessment, thorough and comprehensive inspection is the basis for accurate assessment. During team operations, a 100% inspection must be conducted, and the quality department should conduct large-scale spot checks that meet or exceed the assessment requirements. For example, when inspecting indoor plastering, only checking large rooms but not small rooms, only checking the corners of large rooms but not the corners behind pipes in small rooms; only checking wall flatness but not checking hollowing are examples of incomplete inspection. Checking a few rooms on a few floors in one unit and then assessing the quality grade of the entire project's interior wall plastering is obviously insufficient in terms of inspection scope, and the assessed quality grade lacks sufficient basis.
2. Focusing on Sub-item Assessment is the Key to Successful Unit Engineering Quality Assessment
Sub-item engineering quality assessment is the foundation for both sub-section and unit engineering quality assessment. Therefore, sub-item quality should not be considered a local issue that doesn't affect the overall situation. It should be recognized that it can influence the overall project, so sub-item engineering quality assessment is the key to successful unit engineering quality assessment.
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